Gallstone disease, also known as biliary system stone disease or cholelithiasis, is a common disease of the biliary system and is a general term for gallbladder stones and bile duct stones (also divided into intrahepatic and extrahepatic). The types and components of various stones are not exactly the same. The main components of gallstones are cholesterol, bilirubin, carbonate and metal elements such as calcium, magnesium and iron, among which cholesterol and bilirubin are the main components. They can be classified as gallbladder stones, primary or secondary common bile duct stones, extrahepatic bile duct or intrahepatic bile duct stones. However, in clinical practice, a single site of stone is possible but not common, and often several sites of stones are present together in the same patient. In European and American countries, most gallstones occur in the gallbladder, and only a minority of cases (10%-25%) originate in the bile ducts. However, in East and Southeast Asian countries, including China, especially in the vast coastal areas of China, where bile duct stones are highly prevalent, cholelithiasis is a common disease worldwide, and China is no exception. In the natural population, the incidence of cholelithiasis reaches about 10%, and domestic autopsy results report a 7% incidence of cholelithiasis. The majority of gallstones (50% to 90%) are primary bile pigment stones in the bile ducts. The morphology, size and composition of gallstones generally differ significantly from site to site, so it can be assumed that the mechanism of their formation is also different, and their clinical symptoms and pathological manifestations will also vary from person to person.