Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the preferred treatment: it is less invasive and more effective than the classic open cholecystectomy. Small incision cholecystectomy can be performed without laparoscopic conditions. Asymptomatic gallbladder stones generally do not require active surgical treatment and can be observed and followed up, but surgery should be considered in the following cases: (1) stones ≥3 cm in diameter; (2) combined with surgery requiring open abdomen; (3) with gallbladder polyps >1 cm; (4) thickened gallbladder wall; (5) calcified gallbladder wall or porcelain gallbladder; (6) gallbladder stones in children; (7) combined with diabetes; (8) with cardiopulmonary (9) remote or underdeveloped transportation areas, field workers; (10) gallbladder stones found more than 10 years. (1) Preoperative history, clinical manifestations or imaging confirm or highly suspect obstruction of the common bile duct, including obstructive jaundice, common bile duct stones, recurrent biliary colic, cholangitis and pancreatitis. (2) Intraoperative confirmation of lesions in the common bile duct, such as intraoperative cholangiography confirming or palpating stones, roundworms, masses in the common bile duct, dilatation of the common bile duct more than 1 cm in diameter, significant thickening of the bile duct wall, finding pancreatitis or pancreatic head mass. Bile duct puncture was performed to extract purulent, bloody bile or sediment-like bile pigment particles. (3) Gallbladder stones are small and may enter the common bile duct through the cystic duct. To avoid blind biliary exploration and unnecessary complications, intraoperative cholangiography or choledochoscopy is feasible. T-tube drainage is usually required after common bile duct exploration, which has certain complications.