The discovery of a lump or nodule on the thyroid gland can make people nervous. In fact, thyroid nodules (lumps) are very common in the population and are mostly found in women. The onset of the disease is related to iodine deficiency, excessive iodine consumption, exposure to radioactive substances, autoimmune disease, family history, and work stress. Most nodules are benign and do not require treatment if they do not cause significant pressure, do not affect aesthetics, and do not have a tendency to become malignant, especially in small nodules less than 2-3 cm in diameter. However, for those with fast growth, hard texture, unclear borders and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, malignant lesions should be highly suspected and surgical removal should be considered regardless of size. Ultrasound is one of the most important tools to check thyroid disease, and nowadays the technology can even confirm some very small cancerous lesions. Enhanced CT scan is another special method to examine thyroid gland, which is helpful to determine the tumor site, boundary, tumor blood supply, lymph node metastasis status, etc. Surgery is the most important means to treat thyroid tumor. The key to surgery is to remove the tumor completely and preserve as much as possible important structures and functions such as parathyroid glands and laryngeal recurrent nerve, so as to reduce the occurrence of postoperative complications. Some thyroid cancers can be cured by surgery, while others require I131 adjuvant therapy or even external radiotherapy to achieve better results.