Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection includes management of infectious sources (patients and carriers), cutting off transmission routes and protecting susceptible populations, of which hepatitis B vaccination is the most effective method. The targets of hepatitis B vaccination are mainly newborns, followed by infants and children, unimmunized people under 15 years old and high-risk groups (such as medical personnel, people who are often exposed to blood, workers in childcare institutions, organ transplant patients, people who often receive blood transfusions or blood products, people with low immune function, people prone to trauma, family members of HBsAg-positive people, men who have sex with men or multiple sexual partners, and people who inject drugs intravenously). The hepatitis B vaccine is required to be administered for 3 weeks.) Three doses of hepatitis B vaccine are required for the whole course, according to the 0, 1 and 6 months procedure, i.e., after the first vaccination, the second and third doses are given at intervals of 1 month and 6 months. Hepatitis B vaccination for newborns should be given within 24 hours after birth, the earlier the better. The vaccination site is intramuscular in the lateral anterior gluteal muscle for newborns and intramuscular in the middle deltoid muscle of the upper arm for children and adults. For newborns of HBsAg-positive mothers, hepatitis B immune globules (HBIG) should be given as early as possible within 24 h after birth (preferably 12 h after birth) at a dose of ≥100 IU, along with 10 μg of recombinant yeast or 20 μg of Chinese hamster oocyte (CHO) hepatitis B vaccine at different sites, and the second and third doses of hepatitis B vaccine at 1 and 6 months of age, respectively. The effectiveness of blocking mother-to-child transmission is significantly improved. The second dose of HBIG can also be given within 12 h of birth, followed by a second dose of HBIG 1 month later, and a 10 μg recombinant yeast 20 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine at different sites at the same time, followed by the second and third doses of hepatitis B vaccine at 1 and 6 months intervals, respectively. Newborns were allowed to receive breastfeeding from HBsAg-positive mothers after HBIG and hepatitis B vaccine were administered within 12 h of birth. Newborns of HBsAg-negative mothers can be immunized with 5 μg or 10 μg yeast or 10 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine; children who did not receive hepatitis B vaccine as newborns should receive a catch-up dose of 5 μg or 10 μg recombinant yeast or 10 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine; adults are recommended to receive 20 μg yeast or 20 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine. For those who are immunocompromised or non-responders, the vaccination dose (e.g. 60 μg) and number of doses should be increased; those who do not respond to the 3-dose immunization program can receive 3 more doses and have their serum tested for anti-HBs 1 to 2 months after the second 3-dose hepatitis B vaccine, and if they still do not respond, they can receive a 60 μg recombinant yeast hepatitis B vaccine. The protective effect of hepatitis B vaccination with antibody response generally lasts at least 12 years, but anti-HBs monitoring can be performed in high-risk groups, and booster immunization can be given if anti-HBs is <10 mIU/mL.