The most common value of urine routine is to detect proteinuria and hematuria. Here’s what you need to know about proteinuria and hematuria. What does proteinuria mean? Proteinuria, as the name implies, refers to protein levels in the urine that exceed the normal range (greater than 150mg/24h). Proteinuria is divided into physiological and pathological, the former refers to the temporary proteinuria that occurs in healthy people, mostly in young people during strenuous exercise, fever, high temperature, cold, and mental stress. The former is a temporary proteinuria that occurs in healthy people, mostly in young people during vigorous exercise, heat, high temperature, cold, and mental illness. The proteinuria we usually refer to is pathological proteinuria, which is usually caused by kidney lesions, such as increased glomerular permeability due to glomerular capillary wall damage (e.g. immune damage), or defective renal tubular protein reabsorption, or large amounts of light chain protein overflow. How to detect proteinuria early? First, pay attention to whether there is foam in the urine. Foamy urine generally indicates the presence of protein in the urine, which is often characterized by a layer of fine foam floating on the surface of the urine, which does not disappear for a long time, and should be distinguished from the large foam formed when the urine flow is urgent or in diabetic patients, which usually disappears within a short time. Second, regular urine examination routine, if necessary, check the 24-hour urine protein quantification. Regular annual urine tests are a very inexpensive and convenient method. Regular screening for urine protein in high-risk groups. Chronic kidney disease has a variety of causes, and people with risk factors for chronic kidney disease need our special attention, these risk factors include: diabetes, hypertension, autoimmune disease, systemic infection, >60 years old, family history of kidney disease, recovery from acute renal failure, etc.. These high-risk groups should be tested regularly for urine protein and even urine microalbumin. What does hematuria mean? Hematuria, as the name suggests, refers to the number of red blood cells in the urine that exceeds the normal range (>3 red blood cells per high-powered field of view on microscopic examination of the urine sediment), and if 1L of urine contains 1ml or more blood, it is called microscopic hematuria, and hematuria that is not visible to the naked eye is called microscopic hematuria. Here to emphasize the point that many patients with a positive occult blood test, think it is the presence of hematuria is very worried, this is a misunderstanding. Many substances in urine can interfere with this chemical reaction and cause false positive results. If hematuria is accompanied by frequency, urgency and painful urination, especially if it is accompanied by painful urination, it is mostly urinary tract infection and stones, which is called painful hematuria; if hematuria is not accompanied by painful urination, it is called painless hematuria, which is very common in nephritis, renal tuberculosis and urinary tract tumors, especially in older patients who have carnal hematuria and are painless, attention should be paid to all aspects of examination to exclude malignant lesions. How to detect hematuria early? First, pay attention to the color of urine. Flesh-washing or bright red hematuria is usually not missed, while microscopic hematuria is normal in appearance and may be detected only after regular urine examination. Second, pay attention to the difference with hemoglobinuria, drugs or food. Hemoglobinuria can be red, brown, or even black in color, and it is produced by hemolytic diseases where the free hemoglobin content in the plasma increases and enters the urine by filtration from the glomerulus. Drugs such as sulfonamides and anticoagulants have the side effect of causing hematuria. In summary, the detection of proteinuria and hematuria is not a difficult task, just a simple urine routine can screen a significant portion of kidney disease, it is evident that there is considerable upside in the early detection and diagnosis of kidney disease, in which we are confident! As long as medical workers, the community and the people work together and progress hand in hand, we believe that in the near future, the early detection, diagnosis and treatment of kidney disease can definitely take a big step forward!