How to produce phlegm] The inner wall of the trachea and bronchial tubes are covered with a layer of mucous membrane, composed of ciliated columnar epithelium and cup cells, containing more mucous glands and plasma glands in the submucous layer, gland ducts open on the mucous membrane surface. Under normal circumstances, the cup-shaped cells and glands secrete a small amount of mucus covering the surface of the mucous membrane layer, the mucous membrane plays a protective role, can keep the tracheal mucosa moist, in order to inhalation of the trachea, bronchial dust particles, bacteria, etc. adhered to, blocking their entry into the depths of the lung tissue, and then, then with the help of the ciliary columnar epithelium of the cilium swinging, they are discharged to the upper end of the laryngeal part of the trachea, through the oral cavity, that is, for the phlegm. When the trachea, bronchial tubes and lungs are stimulated by harmful factors or infected by pathogenic bacteria and inflammation occurs, the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract is congested, edematous, infiltrated by a large number of inflammatory cells, vasodilatation, increased exudation, the cup cells of the mucous membrane layer and submucosal glands hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and the secretion of mucus is increased in large quantities, which is conducive to the removal of foreign bodies. Mucus secretion is too much, it increases the burden of the ciliated columnar epithelium, is not conducive to the discharge of mucus, in the role of bacteria and their toxins, produce some degeneration and necrosis of tissue cells, retention in the bronchial tubes, mucus and these degeneration and necrosis of the tissue cells constitute the phlegm. What is the significance of observing sputum? 1. When the amount of sputum is more, it indicates that the inflammation of the bronchial tubes and lungs is progressing; when the amount of sputum gradually decreases, it indicates that the condition tends to improve. 2. 2. Gray-white sputum is common in early upper respiratory tract infections. White foamy sputum, mostly seen in bronchitis and bronchial asthma. 4, clucking yellow purulent sputum for the lung septic infection, mostly seen in lung abscess, bronchiectasis and severe tuberculosis. 5, pink or bloody frothy sputum, mostly pulmonary edema. 6.Bloody sputum, mostly seen in tuberculosis, bronchiectasis and bronchopulmonary cancer. 7, rust-colored sputum is characteristic of lobar pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. 8.Large amount of black sputum, mostly seen in patients with coal silicosis. Normal people occasionally spit a small amount of black sputum, which is caused by inhaling a large amount of dust in the air. What are sputum bacterial culture and drug sensitivity test? What is the clinical significance of sputum bacterial culture? Sputum bacterial culture is to put the collected sputum in a special culture medium, so as to make the bacteria grow and multiply, and then, through the characteristics of its growth, to determine the type of bacteria, so as to choose the appropriate antibacterial drugs for treatment. However, the bactericidal effect of antibacterial drugs is not static. Many bacteria can develop drug resistance in the process of reproduction and spreading, making the originally effective drugs become ineffective. Therefore, it is not enough to know the species of bacteria, but must do drug sensitivity test. Through the drug sensitivity test, it can be observed which kind of antibacterial drug has a better killing effect on the pathogenic bacteria, and it can also be observed which kind of antibiotic the pathogenic bacteria have become resistant to. What are the expectorants] 1, amyl chloride: nausea expectorant, oral stimulation of the vagus nerve endings of the gastric mucosa, causing mild nausea, reflexively cause the trachea, bronchial glands to increase secretion. It is mostly used in acute respiratory tract inflammation when the phlegm is sticky and thick, and often used as a compound preparation with other cough suppressants and expectorants. Liver and renal insufficiency and ulcer patients should be used with caution, metabolic acidemia patients should not be used. 2, must couch flat: for viscous phlegm dissolving agent, can make the phlegm in the viscous component decomposition, viscous phlegm reduction, phlegm dilution, easy to cluck out. What are the methods to promote phlegm] 1, steam inhalation method: during the onset of chronic bronchitis, the feeling of coughing up phlegm, chest tightness and gas obstruction, this is because the phlegm is too thick and sticky, adhering to the walls of the bronchial tubes, and it is difficult to cough to make it discharged on its own sake. At this time, the diameter of 10 – 15 cm deep bucket cup half a cup of boiling water, the mouth and nose into the mouth of the cup, sucking steam. When the water is a little cold and then change the water, repeated 2 – 3 times, you can cough out the phlegm smoothly. 2, walk around the body method: a long time bedridden patients, their coughing and wheezing symptoms are more serious, action is also a sense of strain. Therefore, in the mild climate at noon, should try to let a little walk around the patient in the outdoor walk; fear of cold should also be indoor activities. Even those who can’t get up should be turned over and knocked on the back by their family members, because the change of position and vibration of the lungs caused by these activities are conducive to the circulation of blood and body fluids, which is more conducive to the discharge of phlegm. 3.Emergency phlegm picking method: severe chronic bronchitis with emphysema in the elderly, is likely to be due to severe infection, tracheal mucus, inflammation exudate leukocytes, shed epithelial cells too much and form a large amount of lumpy phlegm. When the patient’s phlegm obstruction occurs, the family members will press the tongue with the handle of the table spoon and stretch the fingers wrapped with gauze to the throat to pick out the blocked phlegm, which can achieve the purpose of first aid. How to deal with phlegm that is thick and hard to get out】 1. Drink more water or eat more diluted food, and get enough liquid every day to make the phlegm thinner so that it is easier to get out. 2, inhalation of air to be moist, can use the steam nebulizer will be 3% saline nebulizer inhalation, on the one hand, can dilute sputum, but also eliminate the bronchial mucosal swelling. You can also open the stopper of the hot water bottle or pour boiling water into a cup and inhale the hot steam emitted by it. 3, the use of effective antibiotics, control of respiratory infections, eliminate the inflammation of the bronchial mucosa. Aerosol inhalation of antibiotics is more effective than systemic medication, gentamicin or other antibiotics are effective. 4, the use of expectorant: (1) amine chloride, potassium iodide, can enhance the secretion of bronchial fluid, promote the discharge of sputum. (2) phlegm easy to net, must couch flat, trypsin, hyaluronidase, can make the phlegm filament break? reduce the viscosity of phlegm and facilitate expectoration. (3) Chinese herbs, such as farzhi, platycodonopsis, beimu, semicolon, etc., can promote the discharge of phlegm. How to prevent phlegm viscosity] Quit smoking and prevent bronchial infections and other diseases. Turning over regularly, rubbing with hot water and patting the back to facilitate the discharge of phlegm. The secretions in the mouth and throat should be removed before turning over to avoid suffocation of phlegm due to turning over. Back patting should be from top to bottom, from outside to inside, squeezing the upper and lower abdomen at the end of inhalation to help cough.