Compared with infancy and early childhood, the growth rate slows down during this period, and all organs continue to develop and mature gradually. It is crucial to provide sufficient nutrition for their growth and development, to help them establish good eating habits, and to lay a solid foundation for the establishment of healthy dietary patterns throughout their lives. 1, food diversity, cereal-based preschool children are in the growth and development stage, metabolism is high, the need for various nutrients is relatively higher than that of adults, reasonable nutrition can not only ensure their normal growth and development, but also lay a good foundation for their health in adulthood. Human food is diverse, and the nutrients contained in various foods are not exactly the same, and no natural food can provide all the necessary nutrients for human body. Children’s diet must be a balanced diet consisting of a variety of foods to meet their needs for various nutrients, and therefore a wide variety of foods is advocated. Cereals are the main source of energy and the mainstay of our traditional diet, providing children with carbohydrates, protein, dietary fiber and B vitamins. The diet of preschool children should also take cereal as the main body, and pay proper attention to the reasonable combination of coarse and fine grains. 2, eat more fresh vegetables and fruits Preschool children should be encouraged to eat more vegetables and fruits as appropriate. Vegetables and fruits do not contain exactly the same nutrients and cannot be substituted for each other. When preparing children’s meals, attention should be paid to cutting vegetables small and fine to facilitate children’s chewing and swallowing, while also paying attention to changes in the variety, color and taste of vegetables and fruits to arouse children’s interest in eating more vegetables and fruits. 3, often eat an appropriate amount of fish, poultry, eggs, lean meat Fish, poultry, lean meat and other animal foods are a good source of high-quality protein, fat-soluble vitamins and minerals. The amino acid composition of animal protein is more suitable for human needs, and the high lysine content is conducive to supplement the lack of lysine in plant protein. Meat has a better utilization of iron, and fish, especially seafood, contains unsaturated fatty acids that are beneficial to the development of the nervous system of children. Animal liver is extremely rich in vitamin A, but also rich in vitamin B2, folic acid and so on. There are still a considerable number of preschool children in rural areas of China whose average consumption of animal food is still very low, and the intake should be increased appropriately, but the proportion of high-quality protein in the diet of preschool children in some big cities has met the needs or even too much, while the intake of saturated fat in the diet is high, and the consumption of cereals and vegetables is obviously insufficient, which is not good for the health of children. Fish, poultry, rabbit meat, etc. contain higher protein and lower saturated fat, and it is recommended that children can often eat such foods. 1, how to ensure that preschool children get enough iron Iron deficiency causes iron deficiency anemia is the most common disease in childhood. There are several reasons for the deficiency in preschool children: (1) children grow fast and need more iron, about 1mg of iron per kg of body weight; (2) unlike adults, children have less endogenous available iron, and their iron needs are more dependent on food iron supplementation; (3) preschool children’s diets still have a large proportion of dairy foods and less other iron-rich foods, which are also prone to iron deficiency and Iron deficiency anemia is also a cause of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia. The appropriate intake of iron for preschool children is 12mg/d, and the absorption rate of heme iron in animal food is generally 10% or more. Animal liver, animal blood and lean meat are good sources of iron. The rich vitamin C in the diet can promote the absorption of iron. 2. How to meet the needs of preschool children for zinc and iodine The results of the 2002 China Population Nutrition and Health Survey show that some children in China have a marginal zinc deficiency problem. The recommended intake of zinc for preschool children is 12mg/d. The best food source of zinc is shellfish, such as oysters and scallops, which have a high utilization rate, followed by animal offal (especially liver), mushrooms, nuts and beans; meat (red meat mostly) and eggs also contain some amount of zinc. The recommended intake of iodine for preschool children is 50ug/d. Food cooked with iodine-fortified salt is an important source of iodine, and foods with high iodine content are mainly seafood, such as kelp, nori, sea fish, sea shrimp, and sea shellfish. Preschool children should eat seafood at least once a week. 3, drink milk every day, often eat soybeans and their products Milk is a complete range of nutrients, the composition of the appropriate ratio, easy to digest and absorb, high nutritional value of natural food. In addition to being rich in high-quality protein, vitamin A, riboflavin, calcium content is high, and the utilization rate is also very good, is an excellent source of natural calcium. Adequate calcium intake by children helps increase bone density, thus delaying the age at which osteoporosis occurs in adulthood. At present, the calcium provided by the diet of our residents is generally low, therefore, for preschool children in the rapid growth and development stage, daily milk consumption should be encouraged. Soybean is a traditional food in China, rich in high-quality protein, unsaturated fatty acids, calcium and vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin, etc. To improve protein intake of rural children and to avoid the adverse effects of excessive meat consumption in urban areas, it is recommended to eat soy and its products regularly. The average daily skeletal calcium retention of preschool children is 100mg~150mg, and the appropriate intake of calcium for preschool children is 800mg/d. Milk and milk products are rich in calcium and have a high absorption rate, making them the most ideal source of calcium for children. Drinking 300mL~600mL of milk daily can ensure that the calcium intake of preschool children reaches the appropriate level. Beans and their products, especially soybeans and black beans, are also rich in calcium, and sesame seeds, small shrimp, small fish and kelp also contain some calcium. When cooking and processing food for preschoolers, keep the original taste of food as much as possible and let children taste and accept the natural taste of various foods first. In order to protect children’s more sensitive digestive system, to avoid disturbing or affecting children’s perception and preference of food itself, the correct choice of food and the realization of dietary diversity, and to prevent poor eating habits of partial and picky eating, children’s meals should be light, less salt, less fat, and avoid adding spicy and other stimulating substances and condiments. Preschool children have small stomach capacity, low glycogen storage in the liver, and are active and easily hungry. The number of meals should be appropriately increased to adapt to the digestive characteristics of preschool children, to “three meals a day and two points” system is appropriate. Each meal nutrients and energy distribution is reasonable, morning, midday and evening between meals plus an appropriate amount of additional food, not only to ensure the nutritional needs, but also does not increase the burden on the gastrointestinal tract. Usually, the energy distribution of the three meals, breakfast provides about 30% of the energy (including the 10:00 a.m. extra meal), lunch provides about 40% of the energy of the day (including the 3:00 p.m. lunch), dinner provides about 30% of the energy of the day (including a small amount of fruit, milk, etc. at 8:00 p.m.). Snacks are an important part of a preschooler’s diet and should be scientifically understood and reasonably chosen. Snacks are foods and drinks eaten outside of regular meals. For preschoolers, snacks are foods that are added outside of the three meals a day to supplement insufficient energy and nutrients. Preschoolers have a high metabolism and are more active, so their nutrient needs are relatively higher than those of adults. It is recommended that preschoolers drink 1000mL~1500mL of water daily, and their drinks should be mainly plain water. At present, many sugary drinks and carbonated drinks in the market contain glucose, carbonic acid and phosphoric acid, etc. Excessive consumption of these drinks will not only affect children’s appetite and make them prone to dental caries, but also cause excessive energy intake, which is not conducive to the healthy growth of children. Snacks are an important part of preschool children’s diet and should be selected and arranged scientifically and reasonably. The food added outside the three meals a day is snacks to supplement the energy and nutrient deficiency. The variety of snacks, the amount of food eaten, and the time of day they are eaten are issues that require special consideration. In the choice of snacks, it is recommended to use more nutritious food, such as dairy products (liquid milk, yogurt), fresh fish and shrimp meat products (especially seafood), eggs, tofu or soy milk, a variety of fresh vegetables and fruits and nuts, etc., and less fried food, candy, desserts, etc. 5, the amount of food and physical activity should be balanced to ensure normal weight gain The amount of food and physical activity are the two main factors in weight control. Food provides the body with energy, while physical activity/exercise consumes energy. If the amount of food is too much and not enough activity, then the synthesis of protein required for growth in addition to excess energy will be deposited in the body in the form of fat and excessive weight growth, obesity occurs after a long time; on the contrary, if the amount of food is not enough, and too much activity, may be caused by lack of energy and wasting, resulting in reduced activity and attention. Therefore, children need to maintain a balance between the amount of food and energy consumption. In the case of thin children, the amount of food and fat intake should be increased appropriately to maintain the needs of normal growth and development and appropriate weight gain; in the case of obese children, the total amount of food and high-fat food intake should be controlled, the intensity and duration of activities (exercise) should be increased appropriately, and the excessive weight gain should be controlled appropriately under the premise of ensuring adequate supply of nutrients. Why is it necessary to measure children’s height and weight regularly? For preschool children with active growth and development activities, the total energy supply and energy consumption should be kept in balance. Insufficient energy intake for a long time can lead to growth retardation, wasting and reduced resistance, while excessive intake can produce overweight and obesity, both of which will affect the normal development and health of children. At present, surveys in major cities and some rural areas in China show that the proportion of obesity in children is increasing and has become one of the most important health problems of children and adolescents in China. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly measure children’s height and weight, pay attention to their growth trends, and recommend more outdoor activities to maintain normal weight growth. 6.No picky eating, no partial eating, cultivate good eating habits Preschool children begin to have some independent activities, strong imitation ability, increased interest, prone to irregular diet and food overload. When subjected to cold and heat, illness or emotional instability, it is easy to affect the digestive function and may cause anorexia, partiality and other bad eating habits. Therefore, special attention should be paid to cultivating good eating habits in children, not picky and not partial eating. Preschoolers are the most important and critical stage for developing good drinking behavior and habits. To help preschoolers to develop good eating habits, we need to pay attention to the following aspects: (1) reasonable dietary arrangements, three meals a day plus one to two snacks, regular, regular, quantitative meals; (2) no candy, no soda and other snacks before meals; (3) wash hands before meals, rinse mouth after meals, no strenuous exercise before eating; (4) develop the habit of eating on their own, let children use chopsticks and spoons by themselves, which can not only increase (5) Concentrate on eating, do not watch TV or play while eating; (7) Do not give your child too much food at one time, first less, and then add after eating, so as not to develop the habit of leftovers and leftovers; (6) Meals should be chewed slowly, but not delayed, preferably within 3 minutes; do not rush and force your child to eat Some kind of disliked food, which will deepen the child’s aversion to this food. (8) Do not eat a mouthful of rice and drink a mouthful of water or often eat soup and rice, which can easily dilute the digestive juices and affect digestion and absorption; (9) Do not be picky or partial in eating, and allow the child to choose food within the scope of permission; (10) Do not use food as a reward to avoid inducing a preference for certain foods. Parents and caregivers should lead by example and teach by example to help children develop good eating habits and behaviors from an early age. The formation of good eating habits depends on the joint efforts of parents and kindergarten teachers. Preschoolers are curious about the outside world, easily distracted and uninterested in food. Parents or caregivers should not be overly anxious and should not use coercion to prevent their children from developing bad habits of refusing food. It should also be noted that the right bronchus of children at this time is more vertical, so try to avoid giving them food such as peanuts, dry beans, etc., to prevent it from becoming a foreign body into the trachea. During this period, children’s 20 milk teeth have come out, and their diet should be supplied with sufficient calcium, vitamin D and other nutrients. We should educate children to pay attention to oral hygiene, eat less sweets such as candy, and brush their teeth after meals and before bedtime to prevent dental caries. 7. Eat clean and hygienic food that has deteriorated at the end of the day. Pay attention to children’s meal hygiene, including the health and sanitary conditions of the eating environment, tableware and meal providers. Kindergarten group meals should promote meal sharing system to reduce the chance of disease transmission. Do not drink raw (unpasteurized) milk and undercooked soy milk, do not eat raw eggs and undercooked processed meat, and do not eat contaminated, spoiled and unhygienic food. The realization of balanced diet and reasonable nutrition is based on food safety. Therefore, when purchasing food, you should choose food with good appearance, no mud, no impurities, no discoloration, no change in taste and in accordance with national health standards, to prevent food poisoning by strictly controlling the entry of disease from the mouth. Pay attention to the instructions on the food packaging, especially the production date, retention period, storage conditions and nutrient content information, and try to choose the products of reputable food manufacturers. Dietary pagoda for preschool children The dietary pagoda is divided into five layers (the recommended intake of each type of food in the dietary pagoda refers to the raw weight of the edible part of the food): The first layer (bottom layer): 180-260g of cereals (rice, noodles, etc.) and moderate amount of water. Second layer: vegetables 200-250g; fruits 150-300g. Third layer: fish and shrimp 40-50g; livestock meat 30-40g; eggs 60g. Fourth layer: milk and milk products 200-300g; soybeans and soy products 25g. Fifth layer: cooking oil 25-30g. In addition: moderate amount of water and appropriate outdoor exercise.