With the rapid economic development, people’s life patterns and ideologies have changed dramatically, and some sexually transmitted diseases have resurfaced. Take syphilis as an example, the global annual growth rate of syphilis is 15% to 20%, while the local area of China is as high as 30%, and the incidence is higher in the more economically developed areas. Syphilis is a chronic systemic sexually transmitted disease caused by the syphilis spirochete, which can be divided into congenital syphilis and acquired syphilis depending on the mode of infection. Congenital syphilis occurs when a pregnant woman with syphilis passes it to her fetus through the placenta; acquired syphilis is mainly transmitted through sexual contact, but can also be contracted indirectly through surgery, blood transfusion, etc. Syphilis invades the skin and mucous membranes in the early stage, and invades the cardiovascular and nervous systems in the late stage. At present, syphilis has become a widespread disease, which not only seriously affects the physical and mental health and life safety of syphilis patients, but also brings great impact on their families. The annual detection rate of syphilis has increased significantly in the past 5 years, with occult syphilis predominating. The lack of clinical symptoms and signs of mucous membrane, skin and internal organs involvement in patients with recessive syphilis may be related to the strong immunity of the human body when the syphilis spirochete infects the human body or the incomplete treatment of patients receiving “syphilis repellent”, which only temporarily inhibits or partially kills the syphilis spirochete. As the symptoms of occult syphilis are not obvious, or even no conscious symptoms, it is easy to infect unsuspecting sexual partners, family members and medical personnel, and can be transmitted vertically to the fetus and endanger the next generation. Therefore, the social danger of occult syphilis is greater than that of overt syphilis, and its rapidly increasing detection rate should be given great attention by the relevant departments so that syphilis patients can be diagnosed and treated early. The detection rate of congenital syphilis is increasing year by year, which means that the number of pregnant and maternal syphilis infections is also increasing. If the pregnancy and maternal syphilis infection is not diagnosed and treated in time, it will be vertically transmitted to the fetus. Therefore, in order to prevent the occurrence of congenital syphilis, it is necessary to prevent the infection of pregnant women with syphilis spirochetes, and to treat pregnant women with syphilis, as well as to increase the publicity of eugenics, marriage and maternity examinations by the relevant social departments. Syphilis is highly infectious, long incubation period, complex and diverse clinical manifestations, which makes its diagnosis and treatment difficult, is the difficulty and focus of STD prevention and treatment. At present, China’s investment in syphilis prevention and health education is not enough, the key populations have not been effective intervention, treatment is not standardized, misdiagnosis and mistreatment occur, and the patient is not effective follow-up management and tracking of the source of infection. The successful experience of syphilis prevention abroad shows that syphilis can be completely prevented. Routine syphilis screening for patients is necessary to help understand the local syphilis infection and epidemic characteristics, so that patients with latent infection can receive timely and regular treatment, reduce or avoid the occurrence of congenital syphilis and neurosyphilis, and also timely detection and cut off the source of syphilis infection.