The long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs after transplantation affects the body’s metabolism to varying degrees, including sugar, protein, lipids (such as cholesterol), and uric acid. A proper diet can not only prevent and reduce the side effects brought by immunosuppressants, but also promote health and prolong the survival time of transplanted liver.
I. Dietary principles.
-In general, normal diet can be gradually resumed after the recovery of gastrointestinal function after liver transplantation, starting with easily digestible egg custard, etc., and gradually transitioning to ordinary diet. Diet should be low sugar, low fat, high vitamin and moderate amount of high quality protein (animal protein) as the principle.
1.Sodium salt: Low-salt diet is required in the early post-surgical period and recovery period, about 3~4g of salt per day. If there is no hypertension, edema, low urine, etc., salt can be increased moderately, not more than 6~8g per day (calculation method: ordinary toothpaste cover holds about 6g of salt per cover).
2, protein supply: immunosuppressants can accelerate the breakdown of protein, inhibit synthesis, thus increasing protein consumption, it is appropriate to increase the supply of high-quality protein, for the supply of protein after liver transplantation should be high-quality eggs after transplantation due to the long-term use of immunosuppressants, to varying degrees affect the metabolism of the body, including sugar, protein, lipids (such as cholesterol), uric acid, etc.. A reasonable diet can not only prevent and reduce the side effects brought about by immunosuppressants, but also promote health and prolong the survival time of the transplanted liver.
I. Dietary principles.
-In general, normal diet can be gradually resumed after the recovery of gastrointestinal function after liver transplantation, starting with easily digestible egg custard, etc., and gradually transitioning to ordinary diet. Diet should be low sugar, low fat, high vitamin and moderate amount of high quality protein (animal protein) as the principle.
1.Sodium salt: Low-salt diet is required in the early post-surgical period and recovery period, about 3~4g of salt per day. If there is no hypertension, edema, low urine, etc., salt can be increased moderately, not more than 6~8g per day (calculation method: ordinary toothpaste cover holds about 6g of salt per cover).
2, protein supply: immunosuppressants can accelerate the breakdown of protein and inhibit synthesis, thus increasing protein consumption, it is appropriate to increase the supply of high-quality protein in moderation, for the supply of protein after liver transplantation should be mainly high-quality protein. High quality protein is mainly animal protein, such as fish, poultry, eggs, lean meat and other animal foods: vegetable protein such as soybeans, peanuts, metabolism will produce a lot of amines, increasing the burden on the liver, it is appropriate to eat less. In animal protein, it is best to fish, poultry, eggs, fish, poultry meat is also known as “white meat”, pig, beef, etc. is also known as “red meat”, “red meat” than “White meat” contains more cholesterol and fat, so “white meat” is more conducive to the health of the body white. Quality protein is mainly animal protein, such as fish, poultry, eggs, lean meat and other animal foods: vegetable protein, such as soybeans, peanuts, metabolism will produce a large number of amines, increasing the burden on the liver, it is appropriate to eat less. In animal protein, it is best to fish, poultry, eggs, fish, poultry meat is also known as “white meat”, pig, beef, etc. is also known as “red meat”, “red meat” than Red meat” contains more cholesterol and fat than “white meat”, so “white meat” is better for health. Even if the liver function is normal after liver transplantation, the protein intake should not be too high, because excessive protein intake will increase the burden on the liver. In general, adults can consume 1-1.2g of protein per kg of body weight per day, and children 2-3g per kg of body weight per day, while those with chronic transplantation liver function impairment should control the daily protein intake at 0.5-0.6g/kg. Calculation: 300 ml of milk or 2 eggs or lean meat 50 grams can supply 9 grams of high-quality protein.
3, strict control of sugar intake: more sugar is likely to induce diabetes, and the immunosuppressive drugs themselves may induce diabetes. Diabetes not only has an effect on the cardiovascular system, but also affects the function of the transplanted liver and increases the chance of rejection. Therefore, attention should be paid to eating less sweets, and some Chinese herbal medicines such as Banlangen, Yin Chen, and compound bifidone should also be used with caution. Fruit 150-200 grams / day, generally not more than 250 grams / day is appropriate.
4, limit cholesterol: immunosuppressants themselves may cause hyperlipidemia, leading to atherosclerosis. Therefore, patients after transplantation should limit the intake of cholesterol, the diet should be light, prevent greasy, do not eat fried, deep-fried food, reduce the consumption of animal offal, egg yolk, crab yolk, fish roe, pig’s trotters, mollusk, squid fish, etc., while eating more fresh vegetables and fruits. It must be noted that less is not prohibited, lipids are still necessary for the human body, still have to eat, but to limit the amount, to vegetable oils, animal fats and oils as little as possible, egg yolk is appropriate not more than – a day.
5, the desirable food: with water-driven diuretic function of food, such as: winter melon, rice kernel, carp, black fish, etc. can be long-term consumption.
6, avoid food and health care products to enhance immune function: such as white fungus, black fungus, shiitake mushrooms, red dates, honey, royal jelly and ginseng, which can enhance immune function, should be prohibited, so as not to reduce the role of immunosuppressants.
7, pay attention to calcium supplementation: the decline in liver function itself will cause a decrease in calcium absorption, the use of immunosuppressants will also inhibit calcium absorption and increase excretion, which will lead to osteoporosis over time, manifested as back pain, bone and joint pain, hand and foot twitching, etc.. Therefore, attention needs to be paid to calcium supplementation. The best food source of calcium is dairy products, which not only contain high calcium, but also have a high absorption rate. Other calcium-rich foods include: canned fish, fish pine, shrimp skin, thick bone broth and green leafy vegetables. When cooking fish, ribs and other foods, you can put some vinegar, which is good for the dissolution of calcium. Calcium supplementation should also pay attention to vitamin D, more outdoor activities, or take vitamin D, alfa osteoporosis, rogaine, etc.
Second, dietary considerations.
1, the right amount, daily weighing, to maintain the ideal weight.
2, balanced, no need for large supplements, especially avoid the use of ginseng and other immunity-enhancing supplements, avoid excessive protein and fat intake.
3. do not be overly salty and avoid intake of soy products as much as possible.
4, eat more fresh vegetables, fruits and other foods rich in vitamins, do not eat “grapefruit”, because grapefruit will affect the liver’s metabolism of cyclosporine and other immune transplantation drugs. Avoid eating spoiled and expired food.
5, eat less allergy-prone shrimp, crab and other shellfish, avoid drinking alcohol, avoid – some toxic to the liver cool detoxifying food.
6, other recommendations: do not add sweets between meals, if you feel hungry, you can eat some fruits and vegetables (low calorie); drink 2 liters of water a day, which is good for waste excretion. Bottled mineral water (low sodium), tea, milk, juice, etc. are beneficial; fruits must be washed and peeled.
7, pay attention to dietary hygiene, the diet needs to be heated and sterilized within 3 to 4 weeks, avoid lactic acid drinks within 3 months, avoid dusty fish, dusty meat and other foods, prohibit smoking and overeating.