Chalazion, also known as chalazion cyst, is a chronic granulomatous disease in the lid gland due to obstruction of the lid gland ducts, retention of secretions, and stimulation of cell proliferation in the duct walls. The incidence is particularly high in children and adolescents because of the gland’s high secretion and proliferative capacity. Clinical manifestations The disease has a chronic course and is usually asymptomatic unless the cyst is large or co-infected. They may be solitary or multiple, and may be present in both upper and lower lids, or alternate between old and new. Cysts vary in size. The skin of the lid is slightly elevated in the area of the cyst, and there is no significant change in color. Round, hard nodules can be palpated subcutaneously. There is no adhesion to the skin and no pressure pain. The conjunctival surface of the corresponding lid is congested, purplish-red or bluish-purple, and may become grayish-white over time. Small cysts may resorb and recede on their own, or they may gradually increase in size and rupture from the conjunctival surface of the lid or from the skin, discharging their contents and forming granulation tissue proliferation at the site of rupture. Sometimes the chalazion becomes secondary to infection and presents with the manifestations of blepharitis (wheals) (i.e., redness, swelling, pain, etc.). In children, chalazion cysts often break on their own from the skin surface of the lid, forming a purplish-red chronic granuloma that does not heal over time, or even scarring and contraction, forming a scarred lid ectropion. Treatment 1. Small chalazia generally do not require special treatment and can be treated with hot compresses to promote absorption. Large chalazia can be surgically removed. If the chalazion is secondary to infection, it should be treated according to the principles of blepharitis treatment. If the inflammatory nodules and cysts remain, surgery should be performed after the inflammation has stabilized. 3. If granuloma has formed, the granulation tissue is removed first, then the contents are scraped and the cyst wall is removed. For chalazion on the conjunctival surface, an incision is made from the conjunctival surface during surgery, and no suture is usually needed after surgery, and the appearance is not affected. For chalazia on the skin surface, an incision is made from the skin surface and sutures are required after surgery.