Thalassemia is a hereditary hemolytic anemia caused by a genetic defect that results in a disorder in the production of hemoglobin. Patients with thalassemia have certain genetic defects, and the severity of the disease cannot be determined by typing alone, but needs to be combined with the patient’s symptoms and signs and clinical examination to make a comprehensive judgment. 1. alpha thalassemia: alpha thalassemia is caused by the absence of alpha gene globin, and mild anemia can be seen clinically. When the patient is overly tired and has fever, the anemia will be aggravated, and the patient will also appear to be weak and developmentally delayed. The more serious patients will have moderate anemia and splenomegaly, and the red blood cells are small-cell hypochromic. In severe cases, the anemia will show progressive aggravation after birth, and there will be large liver and spleen, jaundice, slow growth, osteoporosis, and special facial features; 2. β-thalassemia: β-thalassemia is β-zymoglobin production disorder anemia, and there are no obvious clinical symptoms when the disease is mild, but There are also some patients who show mild, moderate or severe anemia, with symptoms similar to those of α-thalassemia. Therefore, it is not possible to judge the severity of the disease by the type alone. Patients with both types of anemia can cause mild, moderate and severe anemia, thus causing similar clinical symptoms, e.g. moderate anemia beta thalassemia is more severe than mild anemia alpha thalassemia, and vice versa. Therefore, patients with either type of anemia need to be given aggressive symptomatic treatment to prevent the occurrence of infections. Patients with mild thalassemia do not need treatment, while moderate anemia can be treated with splenectomy if the spleen is enlarged, or with blood transfusion if the anemia is severe. Patients with thalassemia should pay attention to nutrition, reasonable rest, and proper supplementation of folic acid and vitamins to actively prevent infections. In severe cases, patients need blood transfusion, splenectomy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and other treatments.