The etiology of gallbladder cancer is still unclear, but there is a lot of evidence that gallbladder cancer is closely related to gallbladder stones. The occurrence of gallbladder cancer may be due to repeated damage to gallbladder mucosa caused by long-term stimulation of gallbladder stones, chronic inflammation causing mucosal epithelial chemosis, abnormal proliferation and mutation, as well as impaired bile evacuation and increased carcinogenic substances in bile such as cholic acid, cholestrol and methylanthracene. Like pancreatic cancer and cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder cancer is a malignant tumor with poor clinical treatment effect. Therefore, for the purpose of pre-emptive prevention, it is wise to take proactive measures for high-risk groups and perform preventive cholecystectomy. In general, it is recommended to perform prophylactic cholecystectomy in the following cases: 1) patients aged 55 years or older with cholecystitis or cholelithiasis of more than 5 years’ duration, 10 years or more with stones >2 cm in diameter or stones embedded in the neck of the gallbladder; 2) patients with significant changes in the nature and rhythm of abdominal pain; 3) patients with gallbladder polyp-like changes with a diameter of >1 cm and a wide base or thick tip; 4) patients with ultrasound suggesting significant thickening of the gallbladder wall 5. CT examination of the gallbladder wall with limited irregular or diffuse thickening, convexity and unevenness of the luminal wall, and significant strengthening of the gallbladder wall on enhancement scan; 6. porcelain gallbladder; 7. previous cholecystostomy; 8. congenital confluence abnormalities of the pancreaticobiliary ducts. High-risk patients who failed to undergo surgery should be regularly followed up and dynamically monitored to facilitate early detection and treatment of gallbladder cancer.