Gallstone disease, is the collective name of stone disease of the biliary system. Gallstone disease is a very common disease in China and worldwide, and the Guangdong region is a high incidence area. The disease not only has a high incidence, but also has many complications and indirect and direct links with biliary tract malignancies, which seriously threaten the normal life and health of human beings. Gallstones are mainly composed of cholesterol, bilirubin and some metal ions such as calcium. According to the distribution of stones, gallstone disease includes gallbladder stones and bile duct stones, the latter can be divided into intrahepatic bile duct stones and extrahepatic bile duct stones; gallbladder stones can have various shapes such as mud and sand-like, granular, mulberry-shaped, round, oval, polygonal, etc., either single or multiple, and their chemical composition is mostly cholesterol stones and cholesterol-based mixed stones, and some are due to metabolic imbalance (e.g. Hemolytic anemia, cirrhosis, post-valve replacement) caused by a purely pigmented stone (often multiple shiny black stones). Bile duct stones can be polygonal, elongated, irregular, or cast amorphous, either single or multiple, and are mostly bilirubin stones or bilirubin-based mixed stones, dark brown or reddish-brown, lusterless and often associated with biliary tract infections, especially E. coli infections; some are secondary to gallbladder stones discharged into the common bile duct, with the same shape and composition as gallbladder stones. . The causes of gallstone disease and the process of stone formation are complex, and the mechanisms are not fully understood. The causes of gallstones vary from site to site, and it is important to understand the causes to prevent gallstone disease. Gallbladder stones are associated with the following factors: 1. Age: the prevalence increases with age, mostly above 40 years of age, but in recent years there is a decreasing trend of age, which may be related to the increase of medical development detection rate. In children, the disease is mostly associated with hemolytic diseases or congenital biliary malformations; 2, gender: more women than men, and female hormones have an impact on bile secretion and gallbladder contraction function; 3, obesity and weight: obesity and overweight is an important risk factor for cholesterol stones, the incidence of which is three times higher than normal, and control diet to lose weight quickly and apply some kind of surgery to reduce the risk of gallstone development; 4, congenital Diseases and genetic factors: bile duct malformation affects bile excretion and leads to stone formation, while the incidence of gallstone disease is higher in families; 5, pregnancy and birth control pills: pregnancy and women using birth control pills can cause changes in female hormones that contribute to the supersaturation of cholesterol in bile and cholesterol crystals, which impairs the contractile function of the gallbladder and makes it difficult to empty, leading to stone formation; 6, diet: among the environmental factors affecting stone formation, diet takes the first place. 7, certain diseases: increased cholesterol synthesis in diabetic patients, relatively high cholesterol content in the bile, impaired gallbladder contraction due to autonomic nervous system pathology, and hyperinsulinemia affecting lipid metabolism, etc. can easily lead to gallstone disease; hyperlipidemia, the plasma concentration of Hyperlipidemia, an increase in plasma triglyceride concentration (mainly very low density lipoprotein content) is associated with the development of gallstone disease. Among the risk factors of bile duct stones, bacterial infection and parasitic infection of the biliary tract are the most prominent causes, while parasitic infections cause most gallstone diseases in Guangdong, which are related to poor diet such as roundworm and liver fluke infections caused by eating raw fish and shrimp; while biliary malformations, certain lesions of the biliary tract itself, injuries, foreign bodies, tumor compression and other factors affecting bile excretion can lead to gallstone disease. In addition, the incidence of cholelithiasis in patients with cirrhosis is three times higher than that of non-cirrhosis, which is caused by hypersplenism that increases the destruction of red blood cells and the formation of bile pigment stones due to the increase of bilirubin content in bile; and in patients with hemolytic anemia, which is caused by the increase of bilirubin production and secretion in their bile.