1. Late menstruation: Late menstruation is the most common symptom of menopausal women, mainly manifested as follows: ① Gradually prolonged menstrual cycle, reduced menstrual flow, and eventually cessation of menstruation. ②Sudden cessation of regular menstruation without post-menopausal vaginal bleeding. Menstrual cessation for 12 months or longer is called menopause. 2. Hot flashes, night sweats and excessive chilliness: Hot flashes and night sweats are typical symptoms of menopause and are a reflection of vasodilator dysfunction. Hot flashes are a feeling of heat that starts in the forehead and spreads rapidly to the head, neck and upper extremities at a suitable external temperature, followed by fine or large drops of sweat, and may be accompanied by palpitations, blood pressure fluctuations, dizziness and weakness. The hot flashes are usually followed by a cold sensation. Hot flashes that occur at night or in the early morning are called night sweats and often lead to interrupted sleep. A small number of menopausal women have excessive cold fear, which manifests itself as a local or general feeling of extra cold, such as the need to wear a sweater or even a cotton coat in the third month of the year, very cold in both lower extremities and bouts of hot flashes in the upper body resulting in upper and lower body clothing that is not in the same season. Factors that contribute to hot flashes include low education level, difficulty in maintaining food and clothing, smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, low weight, unmarried, childless, heavy alcohol use, hot and humid weather, and excessive physical activity; while hot flashes are less likely to occur in those who are actively exercising, have a more equal social role for women, have college or higher education, and have a more positive attitude toward menopause or aging. The frequency and severity of hot flashes varies from person to person. Mild hot flashes are transient, while severe hot flashes occur several to dozens of times per hour. Hot flashes last from a few seconds to several minutes. Hot flashes can occur when menstruation is still regular or they can begin several years after menopause. The most frequent and severe hot flashes occur during perimenopause and early menopause. Women with hot flashes have higher blood lipids (including total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides), systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, body mass index, waist-hip circumference, and increased aortic calcification than women without hot flashes; the proportion of coronary heart disease increases in those with night sweats. The mechanism of hot flashes, night sweats and excessive chills lies in the abnormal function of the thermoregulatory center. Under normal conditions, the thermoregulatory center directs peripheral vasoconstriction or diastole to maintain or disperse heat according to the body’s internal temperature, maintaining a relatively constant body temperature. Thermoregulatory commands are transmitted through neurotransmitters. If the thermoregulatory center functions normally and the neurotransmitters are coordinated and precise, the body temperature is regulated normally. However, sex hormones are powerful modulators of neurocircuit function. During menopause, when sex hormones fluctuate and decline rapidly, some women’s central neurotransmitters fail to adapt to such rapid changes and become disordered, resulting in a narrower tolerance range of the thermoregulatory center to internal body temperature changes, i.e., heat loss when body temperature is slightly higher and heat production when body temperature is slightly lower, resulting in abnormal hot flashes or chills.