There have been many studies and explanations about the mechanism of gallstone formation, and research is still continuing. Bile contains a variety of components, including bile salts, which aid in the digestion and absorption of fats, and bilirubin, which causes yellow staining of feces and urine, as well as cholesterol and phospholipids. These components are supersaturated in the bile. Gallstones originate from the precipitation, precipitation and aggregation of certain components of bile. For example, cholesterol is not soluble in water, but the cholesterol, phospholipids and bile acids in bile are combined into tiny colloidal particles, so that they do not precipitate. However, if there is too little or too much of one of these three components, cholesterol will precipitate out easily. Another example: the bile is a bilirubin that combines with glucuronic acid and is easily soluble in water. If under certain conditions, the conjugated bilirubin of bile becomes unconjugated bilirubin, the latter will precipitate out. By composition, there are three types of gallstones: cholesterol stones (containing large amounts of cholesterol), bile pigment stones (containing large amounts of bilirubin) and mixed stones (containing both cholesterol and bilirubin). In China, bile pigment stones are more common. From clinical analysis, there are three types of biliary tract infections: 1. Biliary tract infections: It has been found that those containing Ascaris lumbricoides eggs or worm fragments account for more than 60%, which shows that biliary tract ascariasis can be secondary to gallstones. Biliary tract infections of other nature may also cause gallstones. The reasons for the formation of gallstones after infection are many: roundworm eggs, worm fragments, bacteria, and exfoliated epithelial cells are solid and can become the “core” or “scaffold” of stones; the increase of mucopolysaccharide and mucin in the bile duct after infection and inflammation can also become the “The bile ducts can become scarred and narrowed after infection, causing poor bile drainage. Most of the gallstones formed after biliary tract infection are bile pigment stones, and the primary site is often in the bile duct, some of which are mud-like. 2.Bile retention: When there is stenosis in the bile duct, bile drainage is not smooth. Or adhesions around the gallbladder (such as after gastrectomy), which affect the contraction of the gallbladder, and biliary duct dysfunction in women during pregnancy (mostly due to weak smooth muscle contraction), may also cause bile retention in the gallbladder. Gallstones are more likely to form under these conditions. Some studies have observed that when bile is left at 37-38℃ (equivalent to human body temperature), the bilirubin can precipitate; when bile is retained in the gallbladder, the concentration of cholesterol is relatively high and can precipitate, and bacteria can easily multiply in the retained bile, thus contributing to gallstones. 3, abnormal metabolism of bile components: cholesterol stones are seen in people with excellent nutritional status or obesity, some combined with coronary heart disease, diabetes, etc., suggesting that such stones are related to the body’s metabolism (but the patient’s blood lipids are not necessarily increased). Hepatic sclerosis and certain intestinal diseases may be combined with gallstone disease, which is generally considered to be associated with a decrease in the concentration of bile acids in the bile. Although the above mechanisms of gallstone formation are not fully understood, they suggest at least a few principles for the prevention and treatment of this disease. Prevention and thorough treatment of biliary ascariasis and other biliary tract infections can reduce the incidence of bile pigment stones. The use of bile ducts (e.g., internal bile duct drainage) and bile secretion (e.g., cholagogic drugs) can prevent the accumulation of small bile sands in the bile ducts, which can cause clinical symptoms. Exercise and avoidance of excessively high-calorie foods can reduce the incidence of bile round alcohol stones. Bile acid preparations can be used for cholesterol stone treatment.