”Psychological CT” is a psychological computerized scanning system, mainly used to assist in the diagnosis of psychological diseases and psychological quality assessment, “Psychological CT” is not only applicable to patients with mental system diseases, but also applicable to normal people, such as the choice of occupation, marriage test, student professional selection It is also suitable for normal people, such as career selection, marriage test, student’s professional selection, driver’s psychological assessment, analysis of personal criminal tendency, identification of risky behaviors such as drug and alcohol abuse, etc.
Psychological CT uses Chinese standards and contains 269 psychological scales for analysis and nine professional psychological reports. Psychological CT integrates psychology, psychiatry, multivariate statistics, artificial intelligence, neural networks, optoelectronics, multimedia and computer network technology.
Psychological CT testing involves psychological health, personality traits, ability interests, learning, social, self, life stress, clinical diagnosis and other aspects of psychological measurement and diagnosis, and its accuracy rate is more than 90%.
Theories and methods of psychological counseling and psychotherapy
Psychological counseling and psychotherapy are quite popular in the West, while they did not really start in China until the early 1980s, and have developed rapidly in the last decade. It has become a consensus that if you have psychological problems, you should see a psychologist.
Psychoanalytic theory
The founder of psychoanalytic theory is Freud, and is still the central figure of the psychoanalytic school. Psychoanalysis is a worldview, a comprehensive description of personality, a therapeutic approach, and a scientific research method. Since its introduction, psychoanalysis has had a tremendous impact on numerous fields. To date, almost all theories of counseling and psychotherapy have more or less a shadow of psychoanalysis.
The psychoanalytic view of human nature is based on the unconscious conflicts inherent in the personality. According to Freud’s theory, the basic structure of the entire personality has three parts: the ego, the self, and the superego.
The ego belongs to the unconscious level. It is not bound by the laws of reason and logic, nor does it have any value, theoretical or moral elements. It is matched by only one desire, which is to follow the pleasure principle and satisfy the instinctive needs.
The ego exists mainly at the level of consciousness. The ego follows the principle of reality and its main activity is to satisfy the real needs of the person. The ego is the rational, responsible part of the personality. The ego is to a large extent a product of the interaction of man with the world environment and is subject to natural growth processes (growth and development).
The superego is the moral dimension of the personality and consists of two systems, the ego ideal and the conscience. The moral rewards and punishments of the superego can make a person feel proud or guilty and inferior.
In a spiritually sound person, these three systems form a unified and harmonious organizational structure, and their close cooperation enables the person to interact effectively and satisfactorily with the external environment in order to satisfy the basic needs and desires of the person. In short, when the three systems of personality are in conflict with each other, the person is in a state of dysfunction and a psychological disorder may arise.
Person-centered psychological theory
The founder of individual-centered psychological counseling was Carl Rogers. Rogers’ view of human nature emphasizes the value and dignity of human beings and his conviction that human beings are basically good, rational, benevolent, realistic, enterprising, trustworthy and purposeful individuals who are responsible, capable of working harmoniously with others and moving toward maturity, and capable of controlling their own destiny.
Rogers developed his own unique view of the problem of emotional distress in human nature. He believed that the full development of the human ego is the most basic human motivation for survival and that this tendency is the basic driving force of our behavior.
A person’s negative emotions and psychological distress are the result of this tendency being suppressed. In Rogers’ mind, every human behavior is related to each other and affects each other, and a person’s overall personality cannot be analyzed on the basis of one of his behaviors alone; if the person’s overall adaptation is satisfactory, his other problems will disappear, but if the person’s basic problems are not solved, but only the superficial ones are solved, by the Eventually, the person’s basic problems will still manifest themselves in other behaviors or events.
Reality Therapy
The founder of this theory was the psychiatrist Gracie. Reality therapy rejects human determinism and assumes that a person is autonomous and self-aware, that he or she has the opportunity and the right to choose his or her own way of life, and that he or she will be whatever he or she wants to be.
Reality therapy believes that people have an inherent “growth drive” or “health drive” that drives a psychological need throughout life in a society that emphasizes role-determined identity, namely “the need for self-identity”.
According to Graysay, “self-identity” includes both “identity of success” and “identity of failure,” and one ultimately wants to be a person with “A person with a “success identity” is someone who can satisfy his or her own needs by not interfering with the behavior of others (i.e., acting responsibly). A person with a “failed identity” is usually lonely and miserable, unable to love and be loved, lacking people in his life who really care about him, lacking deep friendships, afraid to compete with others, and afraid to face the real world.
Reality therapy always believes that each person can develop both responsible and irresponsible behaviors. The direction of behavior development is determined by the individual, not by the environment.
Behavior Therapy
Behavior therapy is a psychotherapeutic technique developed on the basis of behaviorist learning theory. It is represented by Volpe and Moir. Behavior therapy has the same view of human nature as behaviorism, which believes that each person’s behavior is completely determined by external factors, and they believe that human behavior is learned. Based on this view, they believe that people develop psychological disorders as a result of maladaptive behaviors that people learn in the learning process. Therefore, the only way to correct these maladaptive behaviors is also to truly achieve the goal through learning.
Rational Emotive Therapy
Many theories of counseling and psychotherapy focus only on changes in the behavior and emotions of the client, but ignore the possibility that changing irrational thinking may also relieve emotional distress, because human emotions, behavior and thinking interact with each other, and Rational Emotive Therapy is a new theory developed to address these deficiencies.
Its representative, Ellis, found that most people are perfectionists, prone to self-blame or to be swayed by the evaluation of others, and that they often mistake their “desires” for their “needs”. This suggests that the person has irrational beliefs that are the source of his emotional distress.
Rational emotion therapy assumes that people are born with both rational and irrational thinking: on the one hand, rational thinking can create, learn from mistakes, self-actualize and grow, etc. On the other hand, irrational thinking can lead to self-destruction, avoidance of reality, repetition of mistakes, superstitious stubbornness, lack of patience and demand for perfection.
When these irrational thoughts dominate, emotional distress arises. Ellis believes that people are responsible for their own emotional problems, and that they do have the ability to change their irrational beliefs and thereby resolve their emotional distress through awareness and thinking.
Adler’s Doctrine
Adler was an Austrian psychiatrist. For Adler and his followers, the nature of human beings is socially based. A person can only be truly human if he or she lives in a community with others.
Adler believed that the roots of abnormal behavior lie in childhood, and that all people experience some degree of inferiority in childhood, but if they live in a good family environment that is loving and encouraging to their children, then most children can be compensated and have no residual problems and no neurotic manifestations in adulthood.
The Adlerian school pays more attention to the family environment and the interpersonal relationships within it. He believes that if the family environment does not enable children to successfully overcome their feelings of inferiority, it can sow the seeds of psychological disorders in childhood.
Completion Therapy
Completion therapy is a theory of psychotherapy guided by the philosophy of existentialism, and its founder is Burroughs. Burroughs believed that “every person, even every plant, has only one innate goal – self-actualization”. He rejected the idea that human beings are part of the environment and that it is impossible to understand them without it. The human environment includes the physical realm, the human realm and the forces that arise from it.
In the process of interacting with the environment, man forms a kind of completeness. If the formed perfection is an effective adaptation, then the person’s needs can be satisfied by it; on the contrary, problems arise and hinder the person’s development.
According to Burns, people have emotional problems for a variety of reasons, such as unfinished work, psychological fragmentation, lack of self-awareness, etc.
The reason why unfinished work creates emotional distress, in the language of completion therapy, is because the completion is not complete. The person becomes preoccupied with the unfinished work, which becomes the focus and focal point of self-awareness. Once the individual is caught in this scenario, normal psychological activity is hindered and the individual is unable to effectively use the resources in the environment to solve problems to meet his or her needs.
There are various scenarios of psychological fragmentation, such as self-denial, and Burroughs believes that there are two parts of the human psychological state: one part is the victor and the other part is the loser. The winner is always righteous, perfect and aggressive; the loser is always procrastinating, shirking and lazy. He believes in the human mind, and will be a constant struggle for control. This internal conflict is undoubtedly a tormenting and painful for the person.
Completion therapy believes that when a person lacks self-awareness, he or she cannot think about their actions and live according to their desires, so they feel frustrated and helpless, creating emotional problems. The intervention is to restore the person’s self-awareness, to become aware of his or her actions, and to take responsibility for them, thus effectively promoting his or her integration and growth, and reducing or even eliminating his or her emotional distress.