For infertile couples, the first test needed should be the male partner’s semen routine. The semen test report form is relatively extensive and looks complicated. Even if you can see whether the indicators are within the normal range, the clinical significance is not clear or you cannot grasp the sperm quality of the patient in general. The current standard recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) is the fifth edition. However, due to the lack of reference ranges of normal values for national semen parameters, many institutions still clinically use the WHO 4th edition reference standards. I. Abnormal semen volume (ejaculate volume) The volume of a normal male ejaculate is 2-6 ml. A decrease in semen volume is not conducive to sperm entering the uterus and fallopian tubes through the vagina and affects conception. If the volume of semen is too much, the sperm will be diluted and too much semen will cause a large amount of semen to come out of the vagina and bring out a large amount of sperm, which interferes with natural conception and is not conducive to fertility. If the semen volume is less than 0.5 ml after 2-7 days of abstinence and the semen specimen is collected completely, the semen volume is azoospermia, which is commonly caused by non-ejaculation or retrograde ejaculation; if it is 0.5-2 ml, it is oligospermia, which is commonly caused by gonadal infection, incomplete retrograde ejaculation, ejaculatory duct obstruction and seminal vesicle hypoplasia; if it is more than 6 ml, it is polyspermia, which is commonly caused by hyperfunctional inflammation of the accessory gonads, anterior pituitary gland hyperproduction and androgenesis. If there is more than 6 ml, it is common to see hyperactive inflammation of the accessory gonads, hypogonadism and high androgen level. Normal semen is milky white, homogeneous and semi-fluid, and may be slightly light yellow if it has not been ejaculated for a long time. If the sperm density is very low or if there is no sperm, the semen may appear thin or transparent. If the semen is bright red, light red or dark red and a large number of red blood cells are seen microscopically, it is hematospermia. This often indicates non-specific inflammation of the seminal vesicles and/or prostate gland; tumors, tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, systemic hematologic disorders and the combination of anticoagulant drugs can also cause hematospermia, and these conditions should be treated for the corresponding primary disease. If the semen is very yellow in color, thick, smells fishy, and has a large number of pus cells and white blood cells under the microscope, it is considered pus sperm. It mostly affects sperm liquefaction or sperm vitality and is commonly associated with acute infection of the reproductive tract. The liquefaction time and liquefaction status are abnormal. At room temperature, semen ejaculated outside the body will immediately coagulate and then enter the liquefaction process, which is mostly completed in about 15 min. If the liquefaction exceeds 60 min, it is abnormal if the liquefaction time is prolonged, incomplete or no liquefaction. The coagulation factor produced by the seminal vesicles causes the semen to coagulate, while the liquefaction factor produced by the prostate gland, such as proteolytic enzymes and lysozyme, causes the semen to liquefy. When the secretion function of seminal vesicles or prostate gland is abnormal, it will cause the coagulation factor to increase or the liquefaction factor to decrease, forming semen non-liquefaction, causing sperm agglutination or braking, affecting the sperm to enter the female reproductive tract and causing difficulties in natural conception for the female. 4. abnormal pH value The normal value is 7.2-8.0, weakly alkaline, which is conducive to the neutralization of organic acids in vaginal secretions after semen is ejaculated into the vagina and is an important external environment for maintaining sperm function. In addition pH abnormality is also a basis for determining other primary diseases. If pH < 7.2 and seen in azoospermia or severe oligospermia. It is often seen in congenital vas deferens obstruction or congenital spermatophore or epididymal dysplasia; further tests are needed to confirm the diagnosis. If PH>8, it is often seen in prostatitis, seminal vesiculitis or epididymitis, etc., and requires active treatment of the corresponding diseases. Sperm density abnormality is the number of sperm in each ml of semen, also known as sperm count or concentration, and the normal minimum value is 20×106/ml under the four versions of standards. sperm density <20×106/ml is oligospermia; (5-10)×106/ml is moderate oligospermia; less than 5×106/ml is severe oligospermia; less than l×106/ml is occult spermia. The absence of sperm in semen is azoospermia, and the diagnosis of azoospermia should be made by centrifugation to determine the presence or absence of sperm in the sediment and repeated 3 times and more without sperm. Oligospermia and azoospermia can be seen in: testicular hypospermatogenesis, only support cell syndrome, harmful metal and radioactive damage, vas deferens obstruction, seminal vesicle defects, varicocele, etc. Or without a clear cause, this category is idiopathic oligo(azoospermia).